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Stephen (Steve) J. Lukasik (born in 1931) is an American physicist who served in multiple high-level defense and scientific related positions for advancing the technologies and techniques for national defense and the detection and control of diverse types of weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear devices.〔(Dr. Steven Lukasik Oral History ),U.S. Department of Defense, 17 Jan 2007. This official DOD history is one of three done with Lukasik, and where among other things, he mentions the impact on his career of seeing the Hiroshima coverage in the newspaper. All three histories combined with the copious listed Congressional Record testimony, articles, and curriculum vitae, provide the Wikipedia material.].〕〔(Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik ). Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, 1991.〕〔(Stephen Lukasik Oral history ), American Institute of Physics, 21 April 1987, updated in 2004.〕 He was the second longest serving Director of DARPA - the Defense Advanced Projects Agency – during which numerous new technologies including packet and internet protocols were developed.〔Reddy credits Lukasik in 1971 with changing the direction of DARPA Internet development. “the thing that changed it was, Lukasik, in 1970, I think, was asking for, "What great ideas are there? What are the new things that ought to be undertaken?" An (Interview with Dabbala Rajagopal Reddy ) at 24, 12 June 1991. Charles Babbage Institute.〕〔(Oral history interview with Lawrence G. Roberts ), University digital conservancy, 3 Apr 1989.〕〔(An Interview with Edward Feigenbaum ), Stanford University Computer Science Department, 1 Mar 1989.〕〔Arlington County Virginia, (The Team Behind the Internet ), 19 May 2011.〕〔(Stephen Lukasik, “Why the ARPANET Was Built,” ) IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Mar. 2011.〕 He was also the first Chief Scientist of the Federal Communications Commission where he created its Office of Science and Technology and which facilitated the commercial deployment of new technology that included spread spectrum technology.〔(Records of the Federal Communications Commission. )〕〔Marcus,(Early Civil Spread Spectrum History. )〕 ==Life and career== Lukasik was born on Staten Island, New York, to parents of mixed Polish, German, French, English, and Irish origins. During high school, he gravitated to physics, and after seeing the newspaper reports on August 8, 1945 of the Hiroshima weapon, he became focused on nuclear weapon controls for much of the rest of his life.〔 He went to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute where he received a B.S. in physics 1951, and then the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to graduate five years later with a Ph.D. in physics. His thesis was supervised by William Allis and treated a subatomic phenomenon.〔(Collisional excitation of vibration and rotation in diatomic molecules )〕 While a graduate student at MIT, he worked at nearby BBN Technologies security-related wave phenomenon as an acoustical engineer.〔〔〔 After graduating from MIT, Lukasik joined Westinghouse Bettis Atomic Laboratory as a scientist, refining criticality codes. In 1957, he went to Stevens Institute of Technology Davidson Laboratory, where he established a Fluid Physics Division which pioneered techniques such as explosive compression of magnetic flux to produce megagauss-level magnetic fields, sweeping pressure sensitive naval mines, and examining energy loss mechanisms acting on shallow water waves.〔Many of these research reports are archived on the Defense Technical Information Center, for example, (Plasma production by kinetic impact ), Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, February 1965.〕 He also taught as an Associate Research Professor in physics, and served as Director of the Stevens Computer Center. In 1961, he consulted on a balloon-borne nuclear test detection system at Vitro Corporation.〔(Albedo and planet radiation intercepted by an earth satellite ), Vitro Laboratories, May 1962.〕 The nuclear device detection work led in 1966 to Lukasik joining the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as Director of Nuclear Test Detection and the development of verification techniques to support nuclear test ban negotiations. The Norwegian Large Aperture Seismic Array among others were developed as part of a network for detection of underground nuclear detonations. New work to understand how test ban treaties could be circumvented became important, and was a basis for evaluating new treaty proposals such as the Threshold Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in July 1974.〔〔〔 Lukasik became DARPA Deputy Director in 1967 and Director in 1971.〔Army Research and Development Monthly Magazine, (ARPA Appoints Dr. Lukasik as New Director ), Vol. 12, No. 3, April–May-June 1971 at p. 20.〕 The period was marked by major new technologies and transferring results of ARPA research into deployed DOD and civilian systems. The new work included ARPANET expansion and Internet protocols. Other important national security technologies were smart weapons, Anti-Submarine Warfare capabilities using long towed acoustic arrays, artificial intelligence, speech understanding, unmanned aerial vehicle, and defense aid for of U.S. allies. In cooperation with the Defense Nuclear Agency, a Long Range Research Planning Program in 1973 that guided the introduction of ARPA research programs for the next thirty years, and included network-centric warfare, stealth technology, precision and autonomous systems, and theater missile defenses. The efforts were facilitated by creating the classified Journal of Defense Research on Tactical Warfare. Research on the adverse climate effects of nuclear explosions earthmoving applications helped to discourage USSR use. Increased use of email for long-distance collaboration was newly introduced.〔〔〔〔Lukasik was described as “virtually directing DARPA from electronic mail and his 20-lb Texas Instruments portable terminal.” (F. Nathan Newman, The Origins and Future of Open Source Software, A NetAction White Paper, 1999 ).〕 Lukasik left DARPA for the Xerox Corporation in 1975, organizing its Network Systems Development Division to undertake research moved from Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) to create an architecturally compatible line of electronic office system products for local area networks. These products included new technologies at the time such as Ethernet, the ALTO personal computer, the Smalltalk language, and laser printing. Three years later, he became RAND Corporation Vice President for National Security Programs and Chief Scientist. He also taught Technology and Public Policy in the RAND Graduate Institute and helped create the Information Society Journal.〔〔〔 The Federal Communications Commission new Chairman, Charlie Ferris, brought in Lukasik to become its first Chief Scientist in 1979 and restructure its technical resources to form the Office of Science and Technology. While at the FCC, he facilitated the authorization of first direct broadcast satellites and also in the initiation of the Docket 81-413 rulemaking that would ultimately lead to the 1985 adoptions of unlicensed ISM band rules that are the foundation of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and many other products.〔Marcus, (Early Civil Spread Spectrum History ). Marcus was Lukasik's Deputy at the FCC Office of Science and Technology who Lukasik recruited from IDA. The details of this activity are found in FCC proceedings and Congressional Testimony and in the article by Harold Abelson et al. (Blown to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness After the Digital Explosion ), Addison-Wesley, at 286.〕 He also introduced strategic technology planning into the FCC. The work also included examining the potential health effects of electromagnetic radiation from communication systems.〔〔〔〔See also, Lukasik Congressional Testimony between 1979 and 1982.〕 During Lukasik's years of public service as DARPA Director and as FCC Chief Scientist, he appeared more than two dozen times before Congressional National Security and Scientific Committees. The testimony included a broad array of topics including the funding and programs of the agency activities under his responsibility, as well as treatment of specialized topics such as the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and new telecommunication technologies.〔See Testimony, House Appropriations Committee (Feb 17, 1970), (Mar 19, 1970), (May 10, 1971), (Jun 4, 1971), (Mar 6, 1972), (Jun 5, 1973), (Sep 21, 1973), (Mar 7, 1974), (Apr 29, 1974); House Committee on Energy and Commerce (March 24, 1981); House Committee on Science and Technology (May 20, 1980), (June 9, 1981), (September 29, 1981); Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Oct 27–28, 1971); Senate Appropriations Committee (Apr 2, 1970), (Apr 1, 1971), (Apr 30, 1971), (Feb 9, 1972), (Mar 14, 1972), (May 29, 1973), (Jun 21, 1973), (Mar 29, 1974), (Apr 5, 1974); Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (June 18, 1979), (July 31, 1979); Senate Foreign Relations Committee (May 1, 1973).〕 In 1982, Lukasik returned to the West Coast to become a Northrop VP and Director of the Northrop Research and Technology Center. Significant new national security technologies were developed at the Center that included MEMS acceleration sensors and ring laser gyroscopes for smart weapons, incorporation of advanced information technology into high performance fighter aircraft, and stealth technology for the B–2 bomber. An Air Force Systems Command initiative on complex software systems managed using systematic software engineering processes was also implemented. In 1990, became TRW's Vice President of Technology for the Space and Defense Sector - which undertook defense conversion efforts following collapse of the USSR.〔〔〔 In 1992, Lukasik became Assistant to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) CEO (Bob) Beyster – to help with many of the company’s important civilian and defense initiatives that included Transportation Sector work on Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems, transfer of DoD modeling and simulation technology to the entertainment industry, third world nuclear deterrence strategy, and pursuing ways to interdict weapons of mass destruction carried in commercial transportation channels. Following the 2001 attacks, Lukasik worked with the SAIC subsidiary Hicks & Associates on terrorism information awareness and as leader of red teams to establish responses to potential terrorist attacks and public spokesperson.〔PBS Frontline (Introduction|Cyberwar!, April 24 2003. )〕 During the past decade, Lukasik became a Distinguished Senior Research Fellow at Georgia Tech’s Sam Nunn School of International Affairs and its treatment of infrastructure protection, as well as cyberconflict and cyberdeterrence. He has continued to lead efforts to capture the history of the national security science sector. As recently noted by the Charles Babbage Institute, Lukasik's "career – begun in 1952 and continuing to this day – represents incredible contributions to the multifaceted field of national security."〔(Charles Babbage Institute, Center For The History of Information Technology, Newsletter, Vol. 35 No. 2 Fall 2013. )〕〔See the extensive articles - many of which are referenced by other authors - in this period.〕 Throughout his career, he advocated a focus on the grand challenges being faced by the agency or company.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stephen J. Lukasik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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